ISCT / Index

MSSN - Objects, abbreviations, AXD index

First of all we suggest to read the content of the following keywords: MSS, Applications

1...9, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, SZ, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z,

1...9
A

AAL1, AAL2, AAL5 - ATM Adaptation Layer frame formats
access device
ACL - Access control list
Administrative state
AGW - Access gateway
Alarm - Riasztás
- Alarm generally - Riasztás általában
- Link alarm - Maintenance signal of a link
- AxD: Alarm - An AxD alarm is a special kind of AxD event.
  The difference between an event and an alarm is that the event is a message notifying that something has happened, but an alarm notifies that a fault has occurred or has ceased. An alarm changes the alarm condition for the AXD 301, and requires a corrective operation and a maintenance action to be cleared.
  Attributes:
  - Alarm condition - The alarm condition indicates that a fault exists in AXD. When a fault occurs in AXD, an alarm (start) is issued. When a previously reported fault is cleared, an alarm (end) is issued.
  - Alarm instance - An alarm instance represents a fault in AXD. Every alarm instance is connected to a fault identity.
  - Alarm status - The alarm status indicates if there are any alarms in AXD. It is intended to be used to support an alarm presentation table. It is divided according to the alarm severity attribute: critical, major, minor or warning.
  - Alarm type - The alarm type is specified by an SNMP trap in the alarm support user MIB.
- Alarm activation (AMS) - see Link alarm
- Alarm insertion activation (AMS) - see Link alarm
AIS - Alarm Indication Signal - Link alarm
AMS - AXD Management System - WEB user interface of MSSs, AXDs.
AMS can be accessed through the MT Management Terminal.
AOS - AXD Operations Suite
Application IP address - An application IP address is a loopback address which is used by services such as Voice & Telephony to identify internal resources in the node, for instance, the media gateways defined in AXD 301. An IP interface can have many application IP addresses associated with it. Application IP addresses are advertised by the BGP routing protocol, which makes it possible to limit the distribution of certain application address types over selected IP interfaces only.
Loopback address: After setting IP address also a loopback route will be created in the node. Example: MGW IP address.
Applications - MultiService Application Architecture - Az MSS szolgáltatásai, alkalmazások
- Interface Resource and Connection Management
- Network layer services (Cell and Packet Forwarding Services)
  - IP services
  - MPLS services
  - ATM services
  - Frame Relay Services (not implemented)
- Applications - Alkalmazások
  - Voice & Telephony Services (VoATM, VoIP) - Implementation of switched telecommunication service using packet switching on ATM or IP network (VoATM, VoIP).
    Manufacturer example network: TSS; Realization in the test network.
    AxD equipments can implement the following elements of the network:
    - Media Gateway (MGW, MGWIC) - TDM/IP signal conversion, switch functions
    - Mediation Logic (ML) - It provides a part of the network control (TS) functions. To the full TS functionality is an AXE exchange or an AXE exchange emulator still required.
    - Telephony Access Gateway - It fits the extensions of the PSTN exchange to the IP network applying signal conversion (V.5.2 -> H.248) - not implemented
  - AAL2 trunking - Establishing leased line connections on ATM network between mobil MSC exchanges. (not implemented)
  - ATM/CES PVC - circuit emulation (CE) - áramkör emuláció
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol. A protocol of the data link layer, its primary function is to convert IP addresses to MAC addresses.
ATB - ATM Termination Board
ATM - Asynchron Transfer Mode, ~ interface, ~ interface index, ~ interface type (UNI/NNI)
AXE - TDM exchange by Ericsson. In this context it is the control of Ericsson's TDM exchange, which is also the control of the MSSNs. In the model of the SPC exchanges it functions as the computer (call signaling, connection control).
AU - Administrative Unit - STM-1

BICC - Bearer Independent Call Control
Board Type - EM attribute

C - Container - STM-1
CAC - Connection Admission Control - új kapcsolat belépés vezérlés (ATM)
in AMS Menu: Switch Fabric
Call attempt - hívás kezdeményezés, kisérlet
Call Control Function (CCF, CC) - control (setup, disconnect) of the connections in the MSSN. This function is a part of the Telephony Server in the MSSN.
_{An example of the call control (Handling of the signaling messages) ISDN}
CCF performs even the control of switching fields (Connection Control) beyond the control of signaling messages.
Call Handler (CH) - hívás kezelő
Attributes:
- Call handler id.
- CP Pair
- CH Status
Call Handling CP (CH-CP) - call handling function in CP
Call Path Tracing - A menu displaying the parameters of Connections.
Call screening - A dynamic filtering function, also called Port screening, that automatically opens a pinhole for active voice connections in the system.
CBR - Constant bit rate (ATM)
CC - Call Control and Connection Control
CE, CES - Circuit Emulation Service
- Circuit Emulation Services - Áramkör emuláció
  Circuit emulation is an MSS application, it transmits transparently the constant bit rate signal flows coming from PDH/E1, SDH/STM-1, SONET/OC-3 hierarchy in ATM AAL1 frames.
  Modes:
  - unstructured - the framing of the signal flow to be transmit is not bound to the AAL1 frame.
  - structured - the framing of the signal flow to be transmit is bound to the AAL1 frame.
  With this application we can simple establish PVCs between the user side interfaces of ETs.
  Configuration in AMS: Switch Fabric, Permanent Connection.
- Line interface - vonali interfész PDH, SDH, and SONET technologies and their interfaces are signed with CE in many places in the AxD documentation.
CES IWF - CES interworking function
Channel - csatorna, see: (termination
Connection
- MSSN: (voice)connection (application level connection)
- H.248 term
List of connection realizable with MSSs:
- Connection Types
  - Voice over IP RTP connections over UDP/IP and over LSPs (Provisioned or Semipermanent Connections)
    - semipermanent (SPC), narrowband signalling
    - semipermanent (SPC), leased line
      - Controlled by MG -> CE only in the same MG.
      - Controlled by MGC -> CE only
        
        intra-domain (one MGC) IP Epheremal termination
        inter-domain (more MGCs) IP Termination + virtual IP device
    - dynamic (DC) (a telephone call)
  - Label Switched Paths (LSP)
  - Point-to-point ATM connections
    - Permanent (PVC)
    - On-demand switched (SVC)
    - Soft permanent (SPVC)
- Connections end in Terminations.
- Termination and Context (a generalization of connection) are fundamental terms in the H.248 Gateway Control Protocol providing the handling/control of the voice connections organized into Media Gateways.
- Connections are built upon Links.
- How to make connections:
  - PVCs in the Permanent Connection menu of AMS,
  - SPCs can be established in the Voice/Media Gateway/Semipermanent Connections or Voice/Mediation Logic/Semipermanent Connection menus.
  - SPCs and dinamic connections (DC) between the Devices of MGs can be made in the menus of MGC (here: xxAxe).
- Parameters of Connections can be studied in the AMS Voice/Media Gateway/Call Path tracing - menus. Key parameters of the search: Termination_Id, Context_Id.
Connection Control
This function is a part of the CCF, control of the switch(ing field), establishing connections. This is performed by MGWs, this is the origin of the name Media Gateway Controller.
Context - kontextus - (H.248) term.
Control link - Communication between a MGW and a ML - H.248/SCTP link.
CP - Control Processor - AxD subrack control processor (it is duplicated, notations: In slot 1: CP1-1, in slot 19: CP1-19 )
CS_NB - Circuit Switched and Narrowband Address - IP address of a CE termination. (Interface related IP address). Narrowband: 64 kbit/s
CTB - (TDM) Circuit Termination Board

Device
- - device generally - eszköz általában
- - H.248 protocol - "The Device is an AXD resource formed by a structured group of terminations." -
- - AxD: a component of the Media Gateway
  For example the 31 time slots/channels of an E1 link can compose a Device. The circuits of the Device are located on a PTB card. The circuits terminate both the E1 and the IP/UDP/RTP signal flow and they even convert streams into each other on the margin. Devices can be assigned to the Media Gateways during the configuration.
  Device attributes:
  - Common parameters
    - Directory
      - Name (H.248 term) (a Name prefix + Physical location) Example: b211/1/3/1
      - Media GW (handler) - To which GW it belongs?
      - Admin, Op state
    - Identifiers - Device has more identifiers in the AxD because there are "more world" inside the AxD.
      - Physical location: - On which card is the Device located. Example: 1/3/1
      - ATM Interface index - Device connects to SC-switch.
      - Switch device ID. - The identifier of the Device in the world of the connections (in ML, AXE). Example: 16 711 682
      - Session ID (in ML) (192 436 483 781 603)
    - Properties
      - Type: (E1 (CE), T1 (CE), E1 subport of STM-1 (CE), T1 subport of OC-3 (CE), Virtual IP device)
      - Speech encoding/Default encoding (A-law, U-law)
      - Speech conversion capabilities
      - Permanently looped timeslots
      - supported (H.248) packages
      - v5.2 package (y/n)
  - Csatornához rendelt paraméterek
    - Channel
    - Context id
    - Monitored events
    - start time
    - Echo cancellation
    - Law conversion/Speech conversion
    - Tone sending/Active tone
  AMS Menu: Voice/Media Gateway/Device
Device Name
Device Type
Domain - terület
- MGC domain within a network is the set of all possible terminations that can be used to establish connections between the MGs controlled by the MGC.
- Protected domain

E1 - 2048 kbit/s PCM link, interface, interface index, interface sublayer
Echo cancellation - G.164 Echo supr, G.165 Echo canc, G.168 Dig net Echo can, ~ method
EIN - Engine Integral Network
Epheremal Termination (H.248)
EM - Equipment Module - EM is a basic unit (a set of its functional units) of MSS (i.e. AxD) in viewpoint of the configuration of the equipment. EM consists of one or more cards located in the same subrack and the software running on these cards.
Identifying attributes of EM:
- Location
  - Subrack
  - EM_number == Slot (If EM seizes one slot). _{In the network of TMIT only one EM (namely CLK) seizes two slots. Here Slots=2, 20; EM_number=2}
- EM_type, - az EM típusa. EM can be:
  - an ET (Exchange Terminal) (ET2, ET155, GBE) (for type identifiers see Line interface keyword.),
  - the SC (Switch Core) - i.e. the switching field
  - or a CP (Control Processor) - i.e. a computer
- Name - unique identifier given by the user
- State
  - Administrative state
  - Operational state
- Call handling CP - identifier of the call handling processor
- Boards - boards of the EM
  - Board_type - type of the boards of the EM : CP, CP-IO, SC1, CLK + ET boards.
- Links - What kind of links - and interfaces - the EM has?
AMS Menu: Equipment/Configuration/
Erlang - Ericsson language - Object oriented general-purpose concurrent programming language and runtime system
Event - Esemény
- Event generally - esemény általában
- AxD: A message notifying that something has happened in AXD 301. Events do not require corrective actions.
  - Event type - The declaration or definition of the event. In object orientation terminology, this is the class.
  - Event instance - When an event is sent, an instance of that type is created. There may be several instances of the same event type in the system, for example in a log.
  - Event Log - Event collector
Exchange PABX, LE - generally a SPC/TDM exchange connected to the MSS, a node of the MSSN.
ET - Exchange Terminal - Központ terminál - it fits the subscriber lines connected to the MSS to the SC switch. From the viewpoint of the configuration of MSS ET is the part of the EM (Equipment Module). So in certain documentations ET have been called ET_EM. The circuits of the ET realizes interface, network, and CE functions. Traditional TDM exchanges can be connected to IP network through these interfaces.
An ET generally consists of two boards which realizes the two sides of ET (see harware structure of the MSS for more):
- LI(B) - Line Interface (Board) (Board type: E1, STM-1, GBE) - External, user side interface of ET
- SP(C) - Switch Port(Circuit) (Termination Board (Board type: AT, CT, PT)) - Internal, SC side interface of ET
Attributes of the ETs and links connected to their ports can be edited in Equipment/Configuration... menu. The next step of the configuration of AxD is to assign ETs to different applications (circuit emulation, voice (device)).
ET2 32 CT - Line Interface Board
ET2x155-S1.1 CE CT - Line Interface Board
Ethernet termination. Protocol stack (AXD)

Layer . . .
1 PHY PHY PHY
2/MAC Ethernet II. (DIX) 802.3 MAC 802.3 MAC
2/LLC 802.2 LLC 802.2 SNAP
upper IPv4 or ARP IPv4 IPv4 or ARP

DIX - Digital, Intel, Xerox
Supported upper layer frames: IPv4 (0x800), ARP (0x806), Pause control frame (0x8808)

Layer	.	.	.
1	PHY	PHY	PHY
2/MAC	Ethernet II. (DIX)	802.3 MAC	802.3 MAC
2/LLC		802.2 LLC	802.2 SNAP
upper	IPv4 or ARP	IPv4	IPv4 or ARP

FAS - Facility Associated Signalling - The signaling messages of a trunk go on the same physical interface as the voice.
FE - Fast Ethernet - Notation for 100BASE-TX line interface in AXD.
FEBE - Far-End Block Error - Link alarm
FERF - Far-End Receive Failure - Link alarm

GCP - Gateway Control Protocol
GBE - Gigabit Ethernet line interface
GBE/FE - Line Interface Board
GBIC - GigaBit Interface Converter - optical interface of the GBE

H.248 - Protocol realizing Connection Control function in EIN/TSS networks.
ITU-T Recommendation H.248.1 Gateway Control Protocol
Summary tutorial
HOVC - Higher Order Virtual Container - STM-1
HP - Higher order Path - STM-1

Index - Internal administrative identifier of an AxD network element within the AxD. Its value is a number which defined by the configuration program of the AxD.
- ATM interface index - identifier on the ATM interface sublayer
- PDH interface index
- E1 interface index
- VC-12 interface index
- SDH-path interface index
- SDH interface index
- IP interface identifier
Interface - Interfész
- - a standardized access point
- - the termination of a link in MSSN: Port
- - sublayer - alréteg
- - functional classification in MSS:
  - external, user side, line interfaces
  - internal interfaces
  - - a notation for packet-base LIBs and SPC-s(C) (POS, Ethernet (GBE&FE)). "Interface"s have two identifiers: Interface identifier and Interface (IP) address.
Interface (IP) address - A class of the IP addresses used in AxD. For a particular physical interface, you can create only one IP interface. This IP interface is represented by the interface address and the corresponding mask value specified at the time of the IP interface creation.
There are two types of IP interfaces: IP/POS (IP over POS) and IP/Ethernet (IP over Ethernet) In the case of IP/POS interfaces, the mask is hardcoded to the prefix value 30. It means that the subnet of the IP interface contains four IP addresses: the subnet address +0, the broadcast address +3, the interface address +1, and there is a fourth address for the nexthop router interface +2. In the case of IP/Ethernet interfaces, the mask is configured by the operator to the prefix values 28, 29, or 30. When the mask is set to 30, there is only one address left for the nexthop (similarly to the case of IP/POS interfaces). However, with a mask value of 28 or 29 multiple nexthops can be defined for the interface. For IP/Ethernet interfaces, the nexthops must be configured in the ARP table of the interface as a static or semidynamic entry.
Configuration.
```
         Example:
         7.7.7.0/30 255.255.255.252
                               - Subnet address -
         +--------------------+      7.7.7.0      +--------------
          AXD                 |                   |        Nexthop router
          Interface    7.7.7.1+-------------------+7.7.7.2 Nexthop address
          address             |                   |
         +--------------------+ Broadcast address +--------------
                                     7.7.7.3
         
```
Interface-related IP Address - An IP address that has been defined by an application, for example VoIP, to be associated with a specific IP interface. There can be one or several interface related addresses associated with an IP interface. For the voice application, a pair (source and destination) of interface related addresses and UDP ports will uniquely identify a specific voice call and are used as addresses in the RTP packets containing the voice data. This address is also referred to as the application address.
- It is possible to associate interface related addresses of different types with a specific IP interface. The type is determined by which application will use the interface related address. The following are examples of application address types that can be assigned to an IP interface:
- SCTP
- OAM
- Telephony addresses (voice, media, signaling) CS/NB
An interface related address can be created either as a "regular" application address or as a virtual host. An interface related address is called a virtual host, when it is in the same subnet with the underlying IP interface address. Consequently, a virtual host can be defined on IP/Ethernet interfaces only. IP interfaces are defined on the Interfaces AMS pages, but you create the interface related addresses on the corresponding application-related AMS page. For example, to create an SCTP interface on an existing IP interface, you need to navigate to the SCTP AMS page and select the Create SCTP Interface option.

Interface identifier - a notation for the Port identifiers of the packet-base LIBs. An attribute of the IP address.

Internet protocol
IP address - an IP address used in AxD generally. These IP addresses categorized as follows:
- Interface (IP) address - This address refers to the IP interface.
- Application (IP) address - An IP address assigned to an application
- Interface-related IP address - An IP address assigned to an application when the application itself has been assigned to an IP interface, too.
Attributes of the IP address:
- Type
  - Media Gateway - (application) identifies the virtual (local) MG in the AXD.
  - Internal - reserved and restricted IP addr. (0.x.x.x, 10.0.0.x, 10.30.x.x)
  - SCTP - SCTP interface address
  - CS/NB - Circuit Switched/Narrowband address (interface-related)
  - OAM - HTTP/FTP/NTP
  - Interface - IP address assigned to a physical interface
  - Router ID - is a loopback interface address that can be used to access the node without specifying an interface IP address. The Router ID must be configured before any IP interface can be created. The Router ID is used as the BGP identifier. The Router ID can be any non-reserved and non-prohibited IP address. After specifying this a loopback route will be also created in the node.
- Mask
- Interface identifier
- User-provided name
IP interface - An interface which closes the IP layer. (It can be realized for Packed base LIB and SP.)
IP net to media table (ARP) - IP address-MAC address conversion
Attributes:
- Type (semidynamic, static)
- IP address
- MAC address
- Poll interval peer up/peer down
- Event filter
AMS menu: Switch Fabrik/Link
IP interface menu:
Attributes:
- IP interface identifier -> Index
- Physical interface identifier -> Port
- Interface address/mask
- Synchronization flow
- State (admin/op)
- Type (IP/Ethernet, IP/POS)
AMS menu: IP services/Interfaces
IP termination Attributes:
- MG Id.
- IP termination Id. -> Port
- Packetization time
- Rem interface rel IP addr
- Remote (UDP) Port
- Loc interface rel IP addr
- Local (UDP) Port
AMS menu: MG IP termination

J
K
L

Layer - réteg - Notation used for the internal function disposition in the case of composite interfaces.
Examples for standardized layer structure: the (OSI model) of the Packet Base interface, the SDH/STM-1 interface, or the ATM interface

Line Interface

LI - external, user side, line interfaces of MSS ET, terminations of the external links

                     +--------+  +-----+
                  ---| - ET - |--|     |--
                     +LI----SP+  |     |
                                 |     |
                                 |     |
                                 |  SC |

LIB - Line Interce Board; the circuits of interfaces are located on these boards.

Circuits of MSS LIB-ek realize the standardized interfaces of the following telecommunication technologies:

Interface notation Technology EM Type Description/Functions optical interface
1000BASE-SX/100BASE-TX
Gigabit Ethernet (GBE)/Fast Ethernet (FE) Packet based GBE/FE Ethernet 1x1000BASE-SX + 1x100BASE-TX or
For VoIP applications.
PT board joins it to SC.
Functions:

GBIC - Optical transmitter/receiver, 802.3 line interface
Line Tx/Rx - line transmitter/receiver
MAC framer/deframer, Layer1 overhead handling (preamble, FCS)
Management, attributes (AMS)
Supplementary services

Fault detection (Link alarm) (BFD, Remote fault)
Auto-negotiation
Flow control
Link statistics

IP interface

POS ATM ET 155 4xSONET/STM-1 / OC3 ATM (POS)
For VoATM applications
(we do not teach this topic) MM, S1.1, L1.1, L1.2
E1 interface CE (TDM, PCM, PDH ) ET2 CE 32 CT
(E1 DS1 J1) 2 Mbit/s Exchange Terminal (ET2),
32xE1 interface For Circuit Emulation (CE) and Voice applications
CT board joins it to the SC.
Functions:

Line Tx/Rx - line transmitter/receiver
Framer/Deframer - Assembling/diassembling E1 frame.
Overhead Insertion/Extraction - The E1 time frame
E1 - ATM AAL1 frame conversion (CT board)
Management, attributes (AMS)
Supplementary services

Fault detection (Link alarm)
Performance monitoring
Link statistics
Tone generation (CT board)
Echo cancellation (CT board)

STM-1 interface CE (TDM, STM, SDH ) ET2x155-S1.1 CE CT 2x155Mbit/s Exchange Terminal (ET2x155, 2xSTM-1 interfaces),
2x63xE1 interfaces For Circuit Emulation (CE) applications,
multiplexed according to SDH VC-12 into STM-1 frame.
CT board joins it to the SC.
Functions:

Line Tx/Rx - line transmitter/receiver
Framer/Deframer - Assembling/diassembling STM1 frame.
Overhead Insertion/Extraction - THE STM-1 time frame
Management, attributes (AMS)
Supplementary services

Tributary mapping (VC-12/E1)
Fault detection (Link alarm)
Link statistics
Link Performance monitoring
Testing
Protection

S1.1 single mode
Frame Relay Not implemented

Interface notation	Technology	EM Type	Description/Functions	optical interface
1000BASE-SX/100BASE-TX Gigabit Ethernet (GBE)/Fast Ethernet (FE)	Packet based	GBE/FE	Ethernet 1x1000BASE-SX + 1x100BASE-TX or For VoIP applications. PT board joins it to SC. Functions: GBIC - Optical transmitter/receiver, 802.3 line interface Line Tx/Rx - line transmitter/receiver MAC framer/deframer, Layer1 overhead handling (preamble, FCS) Management, attributes (AMS) Supplementary services Fault detection (Link alarm) (BFD, Remote fault) Auto-negotiation Flow control Link statistics IP interface
POS	ATM	ET 155	4xSONET/STM-1 / OC3 ATM (POS) For VoATM applications (we do not teach this topic)	MM, S1.1, L1.1, L1.2
E1 interface	CE (TDM, PCM, PDH )	ET2 CE 32 CT (E1 DS1 J1)	2 Mbit/s Exchange Terminal (ET2), 32xE1 interface For Circuit Emulation (CE) and Voice applications CT board joins it to the SC. Functions: Line Tx/Rx - line transmitter/receiver Framer/Deframer - Assembling/diassembling E1 frame. Overhead Insertion/Extraction - The E1 time frame E1 - ATM AAL1 frame conversion (CT board) Management, attributes (AMS) Supplementary services Fault detection (Link alarm) Performance monitoring Link statistics Tone generation (CT board) Echo cancellation (CT board)
STM-1 interface	CE (TDM, STM, SDH )	ET2x155-S1.1 CE CT	2x155Mbit/s Exchange Terminal (ET2x155, 2xSTM-1 interfaces), 2x63xE1 interfaces For Circuit Emulation (CE) applications, multiplexed according to SDH VC-12 into STM-1 frame. CT board joins it to the SC. Functions: Line Tx/Rx - line transmitter/receiver Framer/Deframer - Assembling/diassembling STM1 frame. Overhead Insertion/Extraction - THE STM-1 time frame Management, attributes (AMS) Supplementary services Tributary mapping (VC-12/E1) Fault detection (Link alarm) Link statistics Link Performance monitoring Testing Protection	S1.1 single mode
Frame Relay		Not implemented

Interface sublayers
The above mentioned line interfaces have many attributes. For perspicuityin AMS these attributes have been organized in multiple submenus (interface sublayers) according to the layered structure of interfaces and Type attribute has been used to indetify each of them. Following table shows the existing submenus:

Interface sublayer, Type Id. Interface sublayer name Leírás
ATM ATM interface
CES Circuit Emulation interface
Ethernet
IP mod
PDH PDH2 interface E1 Line interface attributes
PDH E1 interface STM-1/E1 Line interface attributes
PPP
SDH (RS, MS) STM-1 line interface
SDH PATH (HP - Higher order Path) VC-4 interface
SDH LOW PATH (LP - Lower order Path) VC-12 interface

Interface sublayer, Type Id.	Interface sublayer name	Leírás
ATM	ATM interface
CES	Circuit Emulation interface
Ethernet
IP mod
PDH	PDH2 interface	E1 Line interface attributes
PDH	E1 interface	STM-1/E1 Line interface attributes
PPP
SDH (RS, MS)	STM-1 line interface
SDH PATH (HP - Higher order Path)	VC-4 interface
SDH LOW PATH (LP - Lower order Path)	VC-12 interface

Interface attributes

E1 Line interface attributes: (PDH2 sublayer)

Type - PDH
Nominal speed 2048000 bit/s
Loopback type off, line, local
Tx Clock source - Netsync -source: the PHLC, Looped -source: clock signal recovered from the signal received on Rx interface.
Line type - unframed, framed, framed CRC4
Line coding - HDB3, AMI
Circuit Id.
AIS alarm activation on, off
RDI alarm activation on, off

The attributes of STM-1 interface can be edited in submenus fitted to the SDH layer structure:

AMS->SDH interface sublayer - Transmission media layer (STM-1 line interface (RS, MS)) attributes:
- Type - SDH
- Name - s011802
- Link rate - 155 520 000 bit/s
- Loopback type - off, line, local
- Tx Clock source - Netsync -source: the PHLC, Looped -source: clock signal recovered from the signal received on Rx interface.
- Framing type - SONET, SDH
- Line coding - NRZ, CMI
- MS-AIS alarm activation - on, off
- MS-RDI alarm activation - ON/OFF
- MS-RDI insertion activation - AutoInsertion, off
- REI insertion activation - AutoInsertion, off
Higher order Path (HP) layer attributes (AMS->SDH path sublayer):
- Type - SDH PATH
- Name - h011802
- ATM transfer capability - 149 760 000 bit/s
- AU-AIS alarm activation - ON/OFF
- HP-RDI alarm activation - ON/OFF
- HP-PLM alarm activation - ON/OFF
- HP-TIM alarm activation - ON/OFF
- HP-RDI insertion activation - AutoInsertion
- Trace identifier sent, expected (hex), received (hex)
- Signal label received:
Lower order Path (LP) layer attributes (AMS->VC-12 interface sublayer):
- Type - SDH LOW PATH
- Name - l010 301 001
- Nominal speed 2048000 bit/s
- TU-AIS alarm activation - ON/OFF
- LP-RDI alarm activation - ON/OFF
- LP-PLM alarm activation - ON/OFF
- Signal label received: Asynchronous
AMS->E1 interface sublayer - Circuit layer attributes:
- Type - PDH
- Name - o010 301 001
- Nominal speed 2048000 bit/s
- Loopback type - off, line, local
- Line type - unframed, framed, framed CRC4
- Circuit Id.
- AIS alarm activation on, off
- RDI alarm activation on, off

The attributes of GBE interface (PHY, MAC, LLC, ARP, BFD) (Ethernet termination)

Type - ETHERNET
Name - e010502
Operational state - UP
Link rate [bits/s] - 1 000 000
Link type - GBE SX (multimode), GBE LX (single or multimode), FE (Fast Ethernet)
Media available state (available, not available, going off line, remote fault, auto-negotiation error, unknown)
Auto-negiotation admin. state
Remote fault advertised/received
Flow control admin. state switch (disabled, Tx enabled, Rx enabled, Tx and Rx enabled) (GBE only)
Flow control op. state indicator (disabled, Tx enabled, Rx enabled, Tx and Rx enabled) (GBE only)
MAC address indicator (e.g.: 00:01:EC:FF:8F:EB) (OUI: 00:01:EC Ericsson)
GBIC - GigaBit Interface Converter (vendor name, port number, revision, ser. number)

IP net to media table

Link
- transmission route, data link generally
  Synonyms: channel - csatorna, circuit - áramkör
- In MSS: duplex transmission route (data link) between two nodes
The realization of a link is layered according to the OSI modell. A link realizing physical signal transmission (which is also an attribute of EM) terminates in interfaces. Links are the basis for high level voice connections.
```
         +--------+            +--------+   +-----+
         |  AXD   x---- link---x        |   |     |
         | - ET - x---- link---x - ET - |   |     |
         |        x---- link---x        |-i-|     |
         +SP----LI+            +LI----SP+   |     |
                                            |     |
                                            |  SC |
         +--------+            +--------+   |     |
         |  ext.  x---- link---x - ET - |-i-|     |
         | - ET - x---- link---x - ET - |   |     |
         | vendor x---- link---x - ET - |   |     |
         +--------+            +LI----SP+   +-----+

      ET - exchange terminal
      LI - line interface
      SP - switch port interface
      SC - switch core
      link - external  link
      i - internal link
      x - interface
```
Identifying attributes of a link :
- Line interface location
- Name - a unique identifyer given by the user
- Id. - an integer
- Type - type of link/interface
  - internal/external
  - H.248 control link
    Type:
    - Internal (ML-MGWIC) (Link Id. -> Localport)
    - SAAL - ATM transport (Link Id. -> VPI)
    - SCTP - IP transport (Link Id. -> Localport)
  - IP interface
  - LI interfaces - termination, interface of the link
    - CE E1
    - CE STM1 SDH path
    - ATM
    - Packet Base
- ATM interface index - the unique identifyer of the link in ATM interface sublayer.
- State
  - Administrative state
  - Operational state
  - Provisional state
Miscellaneous services of the links:
- Fault detection (Link alarm)
- Link statistics
  - ispect link error counters
  - start supervision of the QoS
- Link performance monitoring
  - determ. traffic load, inspect QoS
- Link testing
  - Down state, Rest button push
  - Return AMS event list: eqmLinkTestResultEvent
  - Link protection
  - Tributary mapping
AMS menu: Equipment/Configuration/Equipment Module/Link or Switch Fabric/Link

Link alarm - Maintenance signal of the link
The function of the maintenance signals is to indicate the operable/failes state of the link and to provide indication to user for troubleshooting in the case of failure. The sources of the maintenance signals of a link are measurement results of (hardware and/or firmware) diagnostic tools of the interfaces of the link. The maintenance signals of diverse interfaces can be tracked back to some basic types. The maintenance signals are the harsh area of the standardizing, notations are not clear and mostly manufacturer specific. Following table tries to straighten this situation.

Label Definition Interface Description
AIS Alarm Indication Signal E1, STM1
LCD Loss of Cell Delineation ATM
LMF, LOM Loss of Multiframe E1
LOF Loss of Frame - no frame synch E1, STM1
LOP Loss of Pointer STM1
LOS Loss of Signal - no signal E1, STM1 E1, STM-1
PLM Payload Label Mismatch STM1
RDI Remote Defect Indication (former FERF, RAI) E1, STM1, ATM RDI, ATM: RDI
REI Remote Error Indication (former FEBE) E1
TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch STM1

Label	Definition	Interface	Description
AIS	Alarm Indication Signal	E1, STM1
LCD	Loss of Cell Delineation	ATM
LMF, LOM	Loss of Multiframe	E1
LOF	Loss of Frame - no frame synch	E1, STM1
LOP	Loss of Pointer	STM1
LOS	Loss of Signal - no signal	E1, STM1	E1, STM-1
PLM	Payload Label Mismatch	STM1
RDI	Remote Defect Indication (former FERF, RAI)	E1, STM1, ATM	RDI, ATM: RDI
REI	Remote Error Indication (former FEBE)	E1
TIM	Trace Identifier Mismatch	STM1

Alarm signals used previously:

Label Definition Interface Description
FERF Far End Receive Failure STM1 RDI
FEBE Far End Block Error E1 REI
RAI Remote Alarm Indication E1 RDI

Label	Definition	Interface	Description
FERF	Far End Receive Failure	STM1	RDI
FEBE	Far End Block Error	E1	REI
RAI	Remote Alarm Indication	E1	RDI

alarm activation on, off - Switching on/off the displaying of the received alarm messages on the interface in AMS.

alarm insertion activation autoinsertion, off - Activation of the answering the received alarm messages with alarm sending.

RDI - Remote Defect Indication - Receiving of a remote alarm on the local port of the link which caused by the reception failure of the remote prot (i.e. the transmission failure of the local port). This is the most common alarm answer.

                              link
               +-------+      error       +-------+
               | local |--->--- x --->----| remote|
               | port  |--------<---------| port  |
               +-------+       RDI        +-------+

Answer alarm messages:

Label	Definition	Interface	Received alarms
RDI	Remote Defect Indication	STM1	LOS, LOF, MS-AIS

AMS Menu: Event&Alarm->Current_Alarm_List
Clicking on the relating line the detailed alarm signal can be read.

LMT - Local management terminal.
Location - identify the (physical) location - Circuit, Port, IP interface, Room ,
Loopback address see Application IP address
LOVC - Lower Order Virtual Container - STM-1
LP - Lower order Path - STM-1

Mask (subnet mask) -> interface address
MGC - Media Gateway Controller - H.248 term
- Controls the parts of the call state that pertain to Connection Control for media channels in a MG.
- a part of the control of MSSNs
of EIN/TSS VoIP
Media Gateway (MG, MGW) - H.248 term
MG converts and switches media between the networks of different telecommunication technologies.
Typical apllication: adaptation of circuit switched (TDM) networks to packet switched (IP) networks. (TDM/IP conversion)
MG is a part of an MSS application. There may be more MG inside an MSS and MSSN, they are controlled the Media Gateway Controller (MGC). Example MSSN of TSS has been build up also from MGs.
MG is physically a subset of AxD's EMs,
```
  +-----+            +--------+  +-----+  +--------+
  |PABX |---- TDM ---| - ET - |--|  SC |--| - ET - |---IP---
  +-----+            +LI----SP+  |     |  +SP----LI+
                                 +-----+
                                 +----+
                                 | CP |
                                 +----+
```
actually it contains the SC and the SC side interface circuits of ETs. when we configure them the elements of this subset have been called Device in the AxD terminilogy . MGs can be programmed in the Voice menu.
Main functions of the MG:
- Realization of Point-to-point connections (semipermanent and dynamic)
- media conversion
- event detection, signal insertion
- connection management
  - spc
  - dyn conn
- MG connected to an IP network that passes signalling messages to the MGC.
- Supplementary services
  - ec
  - law conversion
  - tonegen
  - DTMF detection
Az Main attributes of MG:
- Name - identifier of MG (here: b211, b212, b213)
- IP address
- IP Epheremal Termination name
- IP parameters
- GCP parameters
- Devices
- Control links
- Tone type
- CS_NB (interface related) IP address and UDP Port range
AMS menu: Voice/Media Gateway
MG, MGW - Media Gateway - H.248 term
MIB - Management Information Base
An abstract description of a network element from the management systems point of view
ML - Mediation Logic - Közvetítő logika
MS - Multiplex Section - STM-1
MSS - MultiService Switching - multifunkciós kapcsoló. (implementation: this is the Ericsson AxD 305).
- Introduction
- Hardware architecture
- the EM (Equipment Module)
- Services and applications of MSS
- a network element of the MSSN
- Configuration: via MT.
- Administrative identifiers: Next attributes have been used to identify the MSSs within the network:
  - Number - Number of MSS in the configuration database of AXDs (here: 1,2,3).
  - MSSN Id. - Node identifier of MSS (here: MSS-1, MSS-2, MSS-3)
    The number in MSSN Id. is the same as the number of MSS in the database of AXD.
  - Room - The identifier of the room where the MSS locates. (here: B211, B212, B213)
  - Name - The identifier of MSSs in the Media Gateway configuration database of AXDs (here: b211, b212, b213)
    In the telecommunication test network this names are the same as the Name identifiers defined in Media Gateways and the Name prefixes of Media Gateways' Device components.
  - Config Id. - Manufacturer configuration identifier of MSSs (here: 036, 030, 037).
  These five identifiers have reference to the same things. The cause of this redundancy that the many people who made the equipments and the network identifies the equipments from their own point of view.
MSSN - MultiService Switching Network (This is the network built up from MSSs (actually from AxDs)).
The manufacturer of the equipments constructed many types of networks from MSSs mainly for telecommunication applications (Voice & Telephony Services):
- EIN - Engine Integral Network - VoIP network on ATM
- EIN - Engine Integral Network - VoIP network on IP
- EMM - Engine Multimedia Solution - Multimedia network on IP
- TAG - Telephone Access Gateway - PSTN network adaptation into IP network
- TSS - Telephony Softswitch Solution - test network for the implementation IP based switched telecommunicvation service
Topology:
The equipment (Network Element) located in a Node of MSSN may be an AXD equipment (MSS) or a switching equipment (Exchange) provided by an other manufacturer (in telecommunication test network of the department e.g. a Definity exchange). The duplex transmission pathes between nodes have been called links. Links have been terminated in ports of network elements.
Identifiers:
- Node - Csomópont
  - In the case of MSS this is an identifier set
  - Exchange Id. - Identifier of a switching equipment provided by an other manufacturer (here: D1, D2, B3, H3).
- Link Id. - User identifier of a link (here: D1-D2, D1-B3, D2-H3, B3-H3)
- Port Id. - AxD Port address (e.g.: 1/3/1 (subrack/slot/port))
A VoIP (EIN/TSS) network has 3 main elements:
- The IP network which transmits voice, signaling (CS-NB), connection control messages (CC), and as well as OAM messages.
- Converters, switches between IP network and TDM network, Media Gateways (MGW) within MSS.
- Control of the network: the Telephony Server (TS).
The MSSN in the test network has been based on EIN/TSS, additionally Circuit Emulation (CE) application also has been used in the test network.

SUN workstations belonging to AxDs have many functions:
- AXE simulator
- Connecting AXDs to the management network
- Configuration of AXE simulator
MT - Management terminal - Menedzselő Terminál - Access to the WEB user interface of MSSs (AXDs).
This WEB user interface has been called AMS (AXD Management System) in the AxD terminology.
The MT (actually a PC) may be connected directly to a LAN port of one of the CP board of the AxD (Local Management Terminal LMT) or via a management IP network (Remote Management), this latter one has been used in the laboratory. The user guide of the Az MT can be found in the Usage of the data administration and diagnostic programs chapter of the tutorial.
Most important menus of WEB user interface have been listed below:
- Equipment/Configuration - Hardware configuration of ETs, SCs, CPs (i.e. the EMs)
- IP Services (IP network level services)
- Permanent Connections - Creation of CE PVCs in SC
- Switch Fabric - Configuration of SC (Switch Core) ATM switching network (Circuit Emulation, Link)
- Voice - Programming Voice & Telephony Services application.
Menu types: Create, Open ..
Detailed description of the menus of the user interface and the manufacturer documents of the AxD are available only in the laboratory and only for teaching purposes. Copying these documents is strictly forbidden!
MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit (IP protocol)
MSOH - Multiplex Section overhead - STM-1

Name - An MSS EM, Device attribute, unique identifier.
Network element - Hálózati elem - see: MSSN
Node - Network node - see: MSSN
Number - An EM attribute.

Operational state

Packages - service (software) packeges
- V5.2 package: Handling of the signaling messages of ITU-T's Access Network (1..16 E1 links)
- H.248 packages: Chapter 12. - Package Definition; H.248.1 Annex E - Basic Packages
Path
- Generally a set of transmission pathes (linksek), circuits, channels (trunk) having the same properties.
- path layer (SDH): transmission service for circuit layer.
- VP - Virtual Path (ATM) VPI - Virtual Path Identifier (ATM)
PC - Permanent Circuit/Connection - Permanent (leased) circuit/connection
- - Permanent Connection (CE)
- - PVC - Permanent Virtual Circuit (ATM)
PDH - Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy / interface, index
PHLC - Physical Layer Clock - Internal clock signal source of the AXD. If AXD network use synchronization PHLC comes from the network.
Physical Termination, Location, Interface Identifier
PLM - Payload Label Mismatch - Link alarm
Port
- An interface, a standardized connection point (circuit, port) of the MSS
- Termination of a link. The nearest one is the local while the farest one is the remote port.
- Port physical location identifier (AXD Port address, TDM Exchange)
  It identifies the ciruits, circuit terminations, interfaces of the network element in the database of the AMS.
- IP/UDP port identifier (IP interface / VoIP circuit)
- Port physical location identifier in AXD
  The identifier contains the following attributes (Port address):
  - Subrack - Subrack identifier in a Rack (in a cabinet)
    Subrack is a mechanically integrated frame froming a single unit into which the boards of the equipment can be plugged. A large scale equipment may consist many subracks which may be located in one or more rack.
    _{(In the network of the TMIT an AxD have been located in single subrack so the identifier is always "1" here)}
  - Slot - Identifier of the place for the board within a subrack
    (In the network of the TMIT an AxD has 9 slots with identifiers: 1,2,3,4,5,6,18,19,20 numbering from the bottom). Two boards can be plugged into a slot (from front and rear side; this is described by the Side parameter in the database.)
    _{(The meaning of the front and rear side is relative, because the boards which we found in front of us in the laboratory are mentioned as rear
    side boards in the documentation.)}
  - Port - Identifier, number of the interfaces located on the board
  Example: The port address (Subrack-Slot-Port): 1-6-3 in the AxD with Name: b213 identifies an E1 interface, because in the slot 6 there is an 32-port E1 interface board (EM type: ET2 32 CT). (As separator beside of "-" also the "/" character can be used.)
  Synonimes of the port address in the different menus of AxD: Physical Location, Interface Identifier, Physical Interface Identifier . Also the port address completted with Subport and/or Service parameters have been called to Interface identifier in the AMS menus. Example: 1-3-1-1-u, or 1-6-1-u.
  Moduls and cicuits of the AxD can be listed in the Equipment/Configuration menu according to EM - Equipment Module, Board, Slot attributes.
- The port physical location identifier of other telecommunication equipments (Definity, BCM50) contains similar attributes.
- IP interface
  VoIP (CS_NB) circuit identifier
  - IP address (relative) Local/Remote IP Epheremal
  - UDP port Id. Local/Remote port, UDP Port Range Low
POS - Packet over SONET/SDH - Transmission of IP packets over SDH network.
Profile - funktional unit descriptor, it contains the mandatory and optional capabilities of the functional unit. The following funcional units have a profile: MG, VP
Protected domain
PTB - Packet Termination Board
PVC - Permanent Virtual Connection

Q
R

RDI - Remote Defect Indication - Link alarm
REI - Remote Error Indication (former FEBE) - Link alarm
Roles CP roles
Room MSS location identifier
Router ID - lásd IP address types
Routing table - The routing table is a real-time database in the AXD 301 node, which is used to store information about routes in the network.
RS - Regenerator Section - STM-1
RSOH - Regenerator Section overhead - STM-1
RTP - Real-time Transfer Protocol - Real-time transport protocol for forwarding voice and picture over IP network.
RTP transcoding
RTP over AAL5 - adaptation between AAL1 and RTP over AAL5
RTP IWU (via VPB)
RTP IWF
Rx - Receive - vétel

SC - Switch Core - An (ATM) switch to interconnect the ports of ETs.

                     +--------+  +-----+  +----+
                   --| - ET - |--|     |--| CP |
                     +LI----SP+  |     |  +----+
                                 |     |
                     +--------+  |     |
                   --|   ET   |--|  SC |
                     +--------+  |     |

The SC operates with (duplicated) internal cells; its interface towards the outer world is the SP.

SCN - Switched Circuit Network - Circuit switched network realized on TDM basis.
SCTP - Stream Control Transfer Protocol - is used to transport H.248 from the TSS MGW to the MGC. A transport layer protocoll simmilar to TCP.
SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy - It implementation in MSS: the STM-1 interface
SDH interface sublayer (AMS)
Section - szakasz, rész - A notation used for the internal function division in the case of complex interfaces, similar as the Layer. Example the SDH/STM-1 interface
Service - szolgálat
SG - Service Guide - AxD documentation class
Shared Risk Group (SRG) is a concept that maps a property assigned to an IP interface. The control is through an H.248 package used to ensure availability of mutually exclusive paths within an IP network to minimize the risk of total communication failure. See the H.248 standard documents for more details: Ref. [21] and Ref. [22].
Signalling channel - In this document, a signaling channel is a configured entity that is used for signaling, for example, an H.248 signaling channel or an Operations and Maintenance (OAM) connection, transporting data from an IP interface to one or both Control Processors (CPs) in a CP pair. The signaling channel is configured to an IP interface and has a certain bandwidth and PSC associated with it. The signaling channel is stored persistently in the database.
Signalling Port - ATM Signalling port - The ATM signalling application is not implemented
Slot - Port attribute
SONET - Synchronous Optical Network - American standard for "SDH"

SP(C) - Switch Port/(Circuit) (Termination Board) - SC side interface of MSS ET

                     +--------+  +-----+
                  ---| - ET - |--|     |--
                     +LI----SP+  |     |
                                 |     |
                                 |     |
                                 |  SC |

MSS SPs adapts the standardized interfaces of the following telecommunication technologies to the SC:

Technology EM Type Function
Packet based PT, PTB

packet forwarding, IP interface
traffic management, firewall functions for IP & MPLS traffic
AAL5 segmentation/reassembly
converting RTP VoIP traffic from/to CE (AAL1, G.711 built in jitter buffer)

ATM AT, ATB

ATM cell switching
scheduling, traffic management
interworking with: ATM-line boards, CE-boards

CE (TDM, PCM, STM) CT, CTB

ATM cell switching
ATB + tone generation & echo cancellation
interworking with: CE-line boards

Technology	EM Type	Function
Packet based	PT, PTB	packet forwarding, IP interface traffic management, firewall functions for IP & MPLS traffic AAL5 segmentation/reassembly converting RTP VoIP traffic from/to CE (AAL1, G.711 built in jitter buffer)
ATM	AT, ATB	ATM cell switching scheduling, traffic management interworking with: ATM-line boards, CE-boards
CE (TDM, PCM, STM)	CT, CTB	ATM cell switching ATB + tone generation & echo cancellation interworking with: CE-line boards

Panels of SPs are also called to Termination Board, referring to their main fuction, i.e. the termination of the connections.
AMS Menu: Equipment/Configuration

SOH - Section overhead - STM-1
SPC - Semipermanent connection (VoIP, CE)
States - Indicators and switches
- Administrative state (EM, Link attribute) - a switch, which enables/disables the related device. Possible values:
  - blocked, down - device is switched off, its attributes can be edited
  - unblocked, up - device is switched on, its attributes can not be edited. The actual fact of the operation indicated by the Operational State.
- Soft blocking - Soft blocking is a state of an interface, similar to the Administrative state. When the Soft blocking state is Down, new connections cannot be established on the interface, but existing connections are kept.
- Operational state (EM, Link attribute) - indicator Possible values:
  - down - The Administrative state of the device is down: either the device is out of order or there are no signal on the input interface of the device.
    No signal in the case of E1 interface:
    - Nothing is connected to the interface
    - There is signal on the input of the interface but it is AIS. This situation can also happen if we have looped back an interface with attribute Line Type=unframed on the line side.
  - up - The Administrative state of the device is up, it is ready to transmit/receive traffic.
  - dormant (sleeping) - This is the value of the Administrative state of the device, if the operational state of the LI, SP, EM belonging to the device is down; LI, SP is out of order; in the case of sublink the state of the underlaying sublayer (SDH LOW PATH) is down or dormant.
  - testing - test function of the device is switched on
- Provision state (Link) - availability indicator Possible values:
  - provisioned - the device is available
  - unprovisioned - the device is not available
STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module, level 1) - 155 Mbit/s SDH interface,link
Sublayer - (al)réteg
- An other name for layer, or the division of a layer.
- Interface sublayer - In AMS the grouping of interface attributes according sublayers.
Sublink - in the case of multiplexed link the component links are the sublinks. E.g. in the case of STM-1/VC-12 the sublinks are the connected E1, VC-12 lines. id: 1(1.1.1) 4(1.2.1)
Subport - a termination of the sublink
Subrack - Port, EM attribute
Switch Device Id. - MGW Device identifier of an AxD within the AxE exchange. The conversion table of the Switch Device ID. and the AxE Termination Id. have been stored by the ML.

Termination - termination of a Connection in MSSN. - H.248 term.
A Termination is source/sink one or more media or control streams. Beside of the termination of payload an important task is the termination of the framing of the payload, too (IP termination). Termination can be:
- physical
  - - Packet, ATM, CE Terminations - i.e. the circuits of the PTB, ATB, CTB Termination Boards. These terminations are static. The attributes of Termination:
    - Termination Id: Device name + (PCM) channel (timeslot) number (1...31) Example: b211/1/3/1/1..31
    - Termination Id (in ML Device menu): Switch Device Id. + (PCM) channel (timeslot) number (1...31)
  - - a subset of the above mentioned circuits have formed the so-called Devices of the Media Gateways. A Device consists of 24 (T1) or 31 (E1) termination and channel of 64 kbps.
- logical - Termination (according to H.248 protocol)
  - Epheremal Termination (H.248). Dynamic (IP) Termination exists only during the use. It is assigned to a connection (context) with the "Add" command of H.248. Within an MGC domain we can terminate Virtual IP devices with this.
  - Virtual IP device (Logical E1, IP termination, Termination ID.) 31 IP terminations for inter-domain semipermanent connections
    Available termination is: interface related address + UDP port (4096...65535)
Termination Board
Termination ID
TeS, TS; MGC - Telephony Server - the control of the EIN/TSS VoIP MSSNs
The main function of the TS is the control (setup, release (Call Control Function)) speech (connections ).
TS has been created by the interconnection of an AXE exchange and an AXD.
Functional diagram of the TS:
```
        +-----+-----+
    AXE |CCF  |STD  |    CCF - Call Control Function
        +-+---+--+--+    STD - Special Telephony Devices
   Eth/ICP| MG-IC|       ML  - Mediation logic (AXE - H.248 conversion)
        +-+---+--+--+    MGWIC - Media Gateway Interconnect
    AXD |ML   |MGWIC|    Eth - Ethernet
        +-----+-----+    ICP - Internal Control Protocol (TRH)
          |      |       MG-IC - MG interconnect (E1 or STM1)
       H.248  ATM or IP
    
```
The main function of the AXE exchange is the call processing (call control) (CCF), while the main function of the AXD - controlled by the AXE - to control the switches of the MGWs (Connection Control (Media Gateway Control)) using a standardized protocol (ITU-T H.248.1). In AXD this task has been performed out by the ML Mediation Logic. Furthermore, ML converts AXE ICP messages into H.248 messages. Opcionally, the Gateway (MGWIC) implemented in AXD may connect the special telephone device (e.g. voice mail) of the AXE to the IP/ATM network.
There are no AXE exchange in the telecommunication test network of the department's laboratory its job has been carried out by a SUN WS and xxAxe emulator program running on it.
Testing (ATM)
- Call tracing
- Continuity check
- Performance monitoring
- Loop-back support
TGW - Telephone gateway
TIM - Trace Identifier Mismatch - Link alarm
TRH - Transport Handler

TSS (TSS 4.0) - Telephony Softswitch Solution - An example network of the manufacturer for the implementation of switched telephony service on the basis of IP bearer service model.

                +----------+
                |   TS     |
                +----------+
                   | |   ||
           +------ + +----------------+
           |      H.248  ||           |
          MGW ========== IP net ==== MGW

TU - Tributary unit - STM-1
Type - type identifier of multiple object: EM, Device, Line Interface, Line Interface Sublayer, Link attributum, IP interface, IP address
Tx - Transmit - adás

U
V

V5.2 package
VC
- Virtual Container - STM-1
- VC-12 - Virtual Container, level 1 (LOVC) (payload 2048 kbit/s), VC-12 interface index, VC-12 interface sublayer
- VC-4 - Virtual Container, level 4 (HOVC)
- Virtual Channel/Circuit (ATM)
- VCI - Virtual Channel/Circuit Identifier (ATM)
Virtual host - An application address within the subnet of the underlying IP interface.
Virtual IP device A virtual IP device is a representation of 31 channels in a group of IP UDP ports. Each channel is represented by a Virtual IP termination. Virtual IP devices are only used for Inter-domain Leased Lines.
Virtual IP termination A virtual IP termination is a termination in a virtual IP device. It must be configured by the operator to be used in an Inter-domain Leased Line or Inter-domain link. The Virtual IP termination is a physical termination.
Voice & Telephony Services - Packet switched implementation of switched telephony service on ATM or IP network.
VP, VPI - Virtual Path (ATM), VPI - Virtual Path Identifier
VPB - Voice Processing Board (server type ET) - G.723, G.726, G.729 not implemented
Voice Processing (VP) - It implements TDM/IP conversion in Voice & Telephony Services application. To the realization we need also a VPB, but to simpler conversion even the PTB Termination Board is able. Configuration: in Switch Fabric/Voice Processing menu. (Profile 1...4)
Voice processing tools:
- Jitter buffer
- A/u conversion
- Echo cancellation
- Tone handling
- Silence supression (needs Profile 2)
- Comfort noise
- Packet loss enhancement

W
X

xxAxe - In the telecommunication test network of the department's laboratory the job of CCF has been carried out by a SUN WS and "xxAxe"emulator program running on it.
The xxAxe uses a private (proprietary) protocol in the communication with the ML (Mediation Logic) modul of TS.

Y
Z

MSSN - Objects, abbreviations, AXD index

Device